The UN reported 258 million international migrants in 2017, defined as persons outside their country of birth a year or more, up from 173 million in 2010 or up an average 12 million a year. Two-thirds of international migrants are in richer industrial countries, where migrants are an average 12 percent of residents.
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A sixth of US workers, 28 million of the 162-million strong US labor force in 2018, were born outside the US. About half of foreign-born workers were Hispanic and a quarter were Asians. Hispanics were 11 percent of US-born workers and Asians were two percent.
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The value of US vegetables, potatoes, and melons was $20 billion in 2017; California’s vegetable, potato, and melon sales were $8.4 billion or 43 percent of the US total. The COA reports data in several ways, including by NAICS code in Table 75; vegetables are NAICS 1112.
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The Census of Agriculture collected data on hired farm labor for 2017. Section 29 of the questionnaire asked farm operators to report how many directly hired workers worked on their operation for more and less than 150 days. Farmers also reported the total number of migrant workers, defined as foreign and domestic and direct hire and contract workers who could not return to their usual home because of work on the responding farm.
The Census of Agriculture collected data from farm employers on their hired farm labor in 2017. Section 30 of the questionnaire included Q10 that asked about expenditures for (1) directly hired labor, including employer payroll taxes and the cost of any employer-provided benefits, and (2) contract labor, wages as well as contractor payroll taxes, work-related benefits, and other contractor expenses and profits.