DOL certified over 317,000 seasonal farm jobs to be filled by H-2A workers in FY21, up 15 percent from 275,000 in FY20 and more than three times the 100,000 jobs certified in FY13.
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The San Quintín area of Mexico’s Baja California state has 11,000 hectares of fruits and vegetables. Most are produced for export, including strawberries, other berries, and tomatoes. Baja California has three major agricultural regions: San Quintín generated 55 percent of the value of farm output in Baja state in 2019, Mexicali, 38 percent, and Ensenada, seven percent.
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Farm employers may be certified to recruit and employ H-2A guest workers if they satisfy two major requirements: recruitment and adverse effect. The recruitment test requires employers to try and fail to recruit US workers, and the adverse effect test requires employers to offer and pay H-2A and similar US workers an Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) that is higher than the federal or state minimum wage.
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There were 3.8 million US residents who were born in Central America in 2019, almost all from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, the Northern Triangle countries. Civil wars in the 1980s, hurricanes and earthquakes in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and government corruption and gang-related crime are the major the push factors encouraging Central Americans to emigrate, while the growing Central American diaspora created a pull into the US.
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Remittances, which are monies sent to countries of origin by migrants abroad, reached a record $589 billion to low- and middle-income countries in 2021, up from $549 billion in 2020. Remittances are three times ODA, and surpassed FDI in recent years. Remittances rose in 2021 despite a decline in the stock of international migrants, as migrants abroad sent more money to relatives at home.
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