Skip to navigation

Skip to main content

Rural Migration News Blog

contact us

DOL Changes AEWRs and PWRs

 Click here to download this blog post as a PDF file

April 7, 2023

DOL revised its Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) methodology in regulations issued February 28, 2023. Instead of one AEWR per state based on USDA’s Farm Labor Survey (FLS) of farm employers who hire workers directly, there will be five to 10 AEWRs in each state based on the wage associated with a particular job title determined by DOL but drawn from the employer’s description of the job to be performed.

Under the new AEWR methodology, DOL will first look to the FLS to determine the AEWR for a particular job title. If the FLS does not provide earnings data for that job title, DOL will use the Occupational Employment and Wage Survey (OEWS) database to establish the AEWR.

AEWRs based on the FLS range from less than $14 to more than $18 an hour in 2023

Some farm employers sued to block the new AEWR methodology, arguing that it complicates an already bureaucratic H-2A program and will raise the AEWR for H-2A workers who fill “nonfarm jobs” on farms, including construction worker, van and truck driver, and supervisor. Some farmers argue that DOL should first determine that the presence of H-2A workers has adverse effects on US workers before establishing an AEWR, that is, they want the AEWR abolished unless DOL can prove that the presence of H-2A workers hurts US workers. Farm employers also complained because a worker who both drives a van or bus of workers to fields and then works alongside them could be considered a van or bus driver entitled to the higher OEWS wage.

The US has over 100,000 farm employers who employ an average 1.5 million farm workers. However, due to seasonality and turnover, some 2.5 million unique individuals are employed for wages on US farms sometime during a typical year, a 1.7 to one ratio of workers to year-round equivalent jobs. Some 10,000 or 10 percent of US farm employers employ H-2A guest workers, including some migrants who fill several farm jobs while they are in the US. Some 300,000 H-2A workers are in the US for an average six months each and fill a sixth of the average year-round equivalent jobs on US crop farms.

Fewer than 100,000 jobs were certified to be filled with H-2A workers in FY13, but certifications rose rapidly and topped 372,000 in FY22. The number of H-2A visas issued is typically 80 percent of the number of jobs certified, about 300,000 in FY22.

The number of H-2A jobs and workers tripled over the past decade

H-2A Program. The H-2(A) program has since 1952 allowed US employers who anticipate too few US workers to be certified by the US Department of Labor (DOL) to recruit and employ guest workers to fill seasonal jobs; the program was changed by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 to H-2A for seasonal agricultural jobs and H-2B for seasonal nonfarm jobs. In order to receive DOL certification, farm employers must satisfy three major criteria.

First, DOL must certify that the employer tried and failed to recruit enough US workers to fill the vacant jobs. Second, after being certified, employers must recruit workers abroad, pay worker travel expenses, and offer free and approved housing to H-2A workers while they are employed in the US and daily transportation between this housing and the work place. Out-of-area US workers receive the same housing and transportation benefits as H-2A workers, and US workers employed on a farm with H-2A workers in similar positions or corresponding employment are to receive the same wages.

Third, the employer must offer and pay the higher of the federal or state minimum wage, the prevailing wage rate, the wage in an applicable collective bargaining agreement, or the AEWR to H-2A and US workers in similar employment. The AEWR is normally the highest of these wages, and AEWRs in 2023 range from almost $14 to over $18 an hour across states.

Three federal agencies (1) determine whether employers need H-2A workers and enforce H-2A regulations (DOL), (2) whether the employer petition for H-2As is accurate and check incoming workers with H-2A visas (DHS), and (3) issue H-2A visas to foreign workers abroad (DOS).

DOL certification of an employer’s need for H-2A workers means that DOL agrees with the employer (1) that US workers are not available to fill seasonal farm jobs and (2) that the presence of H-2A workers will not adversely affect similar US workers. DHS ensures that the employer is legitimate and that H-2A workers did not pay for their jobs, and DOS determines whether the workers recruited by the employer are eligible for visas.

3 federal agencies are involved in the H-2A program


Source: https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-15-154.pdf

  1. Employer submits a completed application for temporary labor to the Department of Labor (DOL)
    DOL screens and adjudicates employer's labor applications
  2. If DOL approves the application:
    Employer files a petition for nonimmigrant workers with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) along with the temporary labor certification approved by DOL
    DHS screens and adjudicates employer's petitions for workers
  3. If DHS approves, employer and state are notified
    Worker can apply for an H-2A or H-2B visa from the State Department (State) at an embassy or consulate abroad
    State reviews employer's petitions, interviews workers, and adjudicates visa applications
  4. If appoved, H-2A or H-2B worker arrives and begins work

AEWRs. The AEWR is currently one hourly statewide wage that reflects the earnings of field and livestock workers in the state or multistate region. After April 1, 2023, there may be 10 or more AEWRs in each state, depending on the jobs that employers seek to fill with H-2A workers.

Statewide AEWRs have since 1987 almost always been based on USDA’s Agricultural or Farm Labor Survey (FLS) of farm employers. USDA contacts about 17,000 farm employers twice a year. Less than half respond, providing information on the earnings and hours worked of the various types of farm workers they employed during the week that includes the 12^(th) of the month of January, April, July, and October. Employer response rates are less than 40 percent in California, the Pacific Northwest and the Mountain III states of AZ and NW, and above 50 percent only in the Northeast I states.

Half of the employers contacted to provide FLS wage and employment data respond

Farm Labor Sample Size and Response Rate – Regions and United States: October 10-16, 2021 and October 9-15, 2022
Regions Sample size Response rate
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
Northeast I 943 921 47.5 52.3
Northeast II 979 944 44.4 42.8
Appalachian I 723 730 53.3 46.2
Appalachian II 977 956 56.8 49.9
Southeast 788 805 60.0 49.7
Florida 807 824 54.0 40.0
Lake 1,013 998 43.6 43.2
Cornbelt I 1,330 1,325 43.2 40.0
Cornbelt II 1,528 1,550 41.9 44.1
Delta 1,136 1,153 57.1 48.7
Northern Plains 1,346 1,340 40.5 40.7
Southern Plains 1,465 1,459 53.7 57.4
Mountain I 715 706 42.9 42.6
Mountain II 462 451 52.4 45.2
Mountain III 407 414 42.5 38.2
Pacific 755 738 34.2 32.5
California 1 1,136 857 40.8 39.7
Hawaii 583 588 51.5 47.3
United States 17,093 16,759 47.5 45.0
Employers complete a table with rows for 16 types of workers. Most farm workers are category 12, Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse Farmworkers,

Farmers report wage and employment data for 16 types of workers they hire directly

Worker Codes for Sections 1 and 2
Code Work Hired to Do
CROP, NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE WORKERS
11 Agricultural Equipment Operators - Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse:
Drive and control farm equipment to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops.
12 Farmworkers - Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse:
Manually plant, cultivate, and harvest vegetables, fruits, nuts, horticultural specialties, field crops, Christmas trees and short rotation woody crops. Use hand tools, such as shovels, trowels, hoes, tampers, pruning hooks, shears, and knives. Duties may include tilling soil and applying fertilizers; transplanting, weeding, thinning, or pruning crops; applying pesticides; or cleaning, grading, sorting, packing, and loading harvested products. May construct trellises, repair fences and farm buildings, or participate in irrigation activities.
13 Graders And Sorters - Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse Products:
Grade, sort, or classify agricultural crops by size, weight, color or condition.
14 Hand Packers And Packagers - Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse Products:
Pack or package by hand a wide variety of products and materials.
15 All Other Field Workers: Specify:________________________________________
All agricultural workers working with crops, nursery or greenhouse products not included in codes 11-14.
 
LIVESTOCK WORKERS
20 Agricultural Equipment Operators – Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals: Drive and control heavy farm equipment while
attending to live farm, ranch, or aquacultural animals and in harvest of unprocessed animal products.
21 Farmworkers - Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals: Attend to live farm, ranch, or aquacultural animals including cattle, sheep,
swine, goats, horses and other equines, poultry, finfish, shellfish, and bees. Duties may include feeding, watering, herding, milking, grazing, castrating, branding, de-beaking, weighing, catching, and loading animals. May conduct simple exams; maintain records; assist in births; and administer medications, vaccinations, or insecticides. May clean and maintain animal housing areas.
22 Graders And Sorters - Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animal Products:
Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition.
23 Hand Packers And Packagers - Farm, Ranch and Aquacultural Animal Products:
Pack or package by hand a wide variety of products and materials.
24 All Other Livestock Workers: Specify:________________________________________
All agricultural workers working with farm, ranch and aquacultural animals or products not included in codes 20 – 23.
 
SUPERVISORS
31 Farmers, Ranchers and Other Agricultural Managers:
Plan, direct, or coordinate the management or operation of farms, ranches, greenhouses, aquacultural operations, nurseries, tree farms, or other agricultural establishments.
32 First-Line Supervisors of Farm Workers:
Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, aquacultural, and related workers.
 
OTHER WORKERS
41 Agricultural Inspectors:
Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment and facilities, and aquacultural operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety.
42 Animal Breeders:
Select and breed animals according to their genealogy, characteristics, and offspring.
43 Pesticide Handlers and Sprayers:
Mix or apply pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides through sprays, dusts, vapors, soil incorporation, or chemical application to all crops including nursery and greenhouse products and facilities, and livestock, and livestock facilities. Usually requires specific training and state or federal certification. Excludes pilots who dust or spray crops from aircraft.
44 Any Other Worker Not Listed Above: Specify:________________________________________
Including, but not limited to, mechanics, shop workers, truck drivers, accountants, bookkeepers and office workers. Excluding contract and custom workers, retail workers, and “value-added” workers.

Employers report the total hours worked and the gross weekly wages paid to each type of worker during the survey week, that is, earnings before taxes.

Employers report the number, hours worked, and gross wages of their employees

Enter the Worker
Code from
Page 5
Number of
Paid Workers
that week
Total
Hours Worked
that week
Total
Gross Wages
Paid that week
(Dollars)
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614
611 612 613 614

Section 3 asks questions about peak employment and whether the farm had any H-2A workers during the previous year, while Section 4 collects data on the farm’s sales during the previous year by category, such as over $5 million, the farm’s acres of various crops, and the share of the farm’s sales accounted for by fruits, nuts and berries, vegetables and melons, and corn and grains, but does not collect data on sales of individual commodities. Sections 5 and 6 collect data on farm operators.

Farmers report acres of various types of crops

Record all 2022 crops, land uses, and livestock or poultry now on the total acres operated, then go to Item 4, next page.
Land Use ACRES Field Crops Intended For Harvest ACRES Other Crops ACRES
Abandoned Crops                Cut Christmas Trees     
Cover Crops                         
Idle Cropland                         
Summer Fallow                         
                             
                    Livestock NUMBER
Government Payments WHOLE DOLLARS Fruits/Nuts ACRES Cattle – Dairy     
CRP/WRP Payments                Cattle – Other     
Other Gov’t Payments                Chickens     
                    Hogs     
Pasture/Rangeland                Horses     
     ACRES           Mules/Burros     
Cropland Used Only For Pasture                         
Permanent Pasture      Vegetables/Melons ACRES          
Woodland Pasture                         
Aquaculture NUMBER                    
Acres of Ponds in Use                         
Foodsize/Stockers      Berries ACRES          
Fingerlings/Broodfish                         
Trout Eggs                         

The FLS publishes average hourly earnings by type of worker for 18 regions, all of which are multistate except CA, FL, and HI. The average hourly earnings of field and livestock workers combined that DOL uses to set the AEWR for 2023 were $16.62 in 2022, and ranged from $13.67 in the Delta states to $18.65 in California.

2023 AEWRs range from $13.67 in the Delta states to $18.65 in California

Annual Average Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker – Regions and United States: 2021 and 2022
[Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska. Annual rates are averages of the published wage rates for each survey week weighted by the number of hours worked during the week]
Regions and United States Type of worker Gross wage rates for all hired workers
Field workers Livestock workers Field and livestock combined
2021
(dollars per hour)
2022
(dollars per hour)
2021
(dollars per hour)
2022
(dollars per hour)
2021
(dollars per hour)
2022
(dollars per hour)
2021
(dollars per hour)
2022
(dollars per hour)
Northeast I 16.22 17.34 14.79 16.25 15.66 16.95 16.61 17.91
Northeast II 15.9 16.85 14.51 15.63 15.54 16.55 16.44 17.68
Appalachian I 14.26 14.78 13.82 15.32 14.16 14.91 14.79 15.54
Appalachian II 13.75 14.2 14.08 14.34 13.89 14.26 14.5 15.03
Southeast 11.81 13.68 12.58 13.62 11.99 13.67 12.54 14.35
Florida 12.36 14.28 12.76 14.63 12.41 14.33 13.3 15.26
Lake 16.22 17.79 14.7 16.94 15.37 17.34 16.14 18.22
Cornbelt I 16.08 17.6 15.38 16.11 15.89 17.17 16.61 17.87
Cornbelt II 16.36 17.43 16.01 17.68 16.19 17.54 16.92 18.37
Delta 12.4 13.59 12.61 13.95 12.45 13.67 12.85 14.1
Northern Plains 16.99 17.89 15.9 16.71 16.47 17.33 16.93 17.9
Southern Plains 13.8 14.34 13.94 15.38 13.88 14.87 14.37 15.57
Mountain I 14.65 15.86 14.71 15.5 14.68 15.68 15.36 16.43
Mountain II 15.56 17.25 15.59 15.26 15.58 16.34 16.25 17.27
Mountain III 14.36 14.95 15.35 16.43 14.79 15.62 15.56 16.38
Pacific 17.47 17.95 16.84 18.16 17.41 17.97 18.07 18.66
California 17.46 18.62 17.74 18.8 17.51 18.65 18.76 20.09
Hawaii 16.33 17.1 18.01 18.11 16.54 17.25 18.05 19.15
United States 15.77 16.77 15.08 16.29 15.56 16.62 16.38 17.56

The sample of employers who provide data to the FLS can be small in some regions, such as the mountain regions that have fewer than 500 respondents, leading to sharp year-to-year fluctuations in average hourly earnings. The coefficient of variation or the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of sample data is a measure of the reliability of the employment and wage estimates.

Lower CVs indicate less dispersion around the mean or more precise estimates. The CV of FLS average hourly earnings is less than one percent for the US, but over two percent in six of the 18 regions. The CV is also high for wage estimates of some job titles such as packers and packagers.

The CV of FLS wage estimates is over 2% for 1/3 of the 18 FLS regions

Coefficient of Variation for Modeled Estimate of All Hired Workers and Gross Wage Rate – Region and United States: October 10-16, 2021 and October 9-15, 2022
Regions All hired workers Gross wage rate
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
Northeast I 6.2 6.5 1.2 1.1
Northeast II 9.6 9.1 2.7 1.4
Appalachian I 12.6 11.7 1.3 1.6
Appalachian II 11.9 9.2 2 1.5
Southeast 10.1 9.7 2.4 2.2
Florida 17.6 11.6 1.8 2.2
Lake 8.8 7.4 2 1.9
Cornbelt I 8.5 7.7 2 1.9
Cornbelt II 11.4 10.5 2 1.9
Delta 11.1 9 1.8 2.1
Northern Plains 9 8.4 1.8 2.2
Southern Plains 10.9 9.3 1.9 1.8
Mountain I 10.4 10.6 1.7 1.5
Mountain II 11.7 10.5 1.8 2.8
Mountain III 12.4 11 2.1 1.8
Pacific 16.1 10.4 1.1 1.8
California 9.4 7 1.5 1.6
Hawaii 15.6 9.9 3.1 2.7
United States 4.1 3 0.6 0.6

 

Coefficient of Variation for Modeled Estimate of Hired Workers and Gross Wage Rate by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System – United States: October 10-16, 2021 and October 9-15, 2022
Title SOC code All hired workers Gross wage rate
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
2021
(percent)
2022
(percent)
Graders and sorters, agricultural products (45-2041) 19.9 14.6 6.1 1.8
Agricultural equipment operators (45-2091) 5.3 5.2 1.3 1.6
Farmworkers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse (45-2092) 6.9 5 1.1 1
Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals (45-2093) 5.3 5.3 1.5 1.1
Agricultural workers, all other (45-2099) 8.7 11 2.5 1.9
Packers and packagers, hand (53-7064) 13.3 19.6 1.6 3
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers (11-9013) 7.3 6.4 2.2 1.8
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing workers (45-1011) 10.3 7.4 2.8 2.7

DOL’s OFLC, which certifies employers to hire H-2A workers, expects to use the FLS to determine AEWRs for 98 percent of all H-2A jobs because the six FLS job titles account for 98 percent of the farm jobs for which employers seek certification:

  • 85 percent of H-2A job certifications in FY 22 were for the job title farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery and greenhouse workers (45-2092);
  • seven percent were agricultural equipment operators (45-2091);
  • four percent were farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals (45-2093);
  • less than one percent were graders and sorters, agricultural products (45-2041) and all other agricultural workers (45-2099).

OFLC will use the average statewide or national mean wage in the OEWS to set the AEWR for the other two percent of jobs that employers want to fill with H-2A workers, including construction worker and van or truck driver. DOL justified changing the wage survey to set AEWRs for the 30 “nonfarm job titles” in employer applications because these job titles typically have higher hourly wages than field and livestock workers.

Farm employers could save money by calling heavy truck drivers (SOC 53-3032) who move harvested crops over public roads to processing or storage facilities agricultural equipment operators (45-2091), resulting in the lower FLS hourly wage and no overtime pay in most states because farm workers are exempt from federal overtime pay requirements. The OEWS wage for heavy truck drivers is often twice the FLS wage for agricultural equipment operators.

The FLS interviews only farm employers, while the OEWS interviews only nonfarm employers, including those who bring workers to farms such as farm labor contractors. FLS wages are generally lower than OEWS wages, giving employers an incentive to misclassify nonfarm workers as farm workers.

PWRs. In addition to the AEWR, employers must also offer and pay the prevailing wage rate (PWR) for the job that is actually performed by the H-2A worker if a prevailing wage has been determined. For example, if the California AEWR is $18.65 an hour, an employer may have to pay vineyard workers the prevailing wage of $20 an hour in a high-cost area such as Napa CA. In Washington, employers must guarantee workers at least the hourly AEWR and may also have to offer the prevailing piece rate of $30 to pick a bin of Gala apples.

Workers employed under piece rate wage systems are guaranteed the AEWR. The government-set AEWR and the employer-set piece rate combine to create a productivity standard. For example, a worker who picks six bins of apples in an eight-hour day at $30 a bin earns $180 or $22.50 an hour. If the AEWR increases by 10 percent from $15 to $16.50, but the piece rate remains at $30 a bin, a worker who picks six bins a day would still earn $180 a day or $22.50 an hour, but have less incentive to work fast because his piece rate earnings generate a smaller premium above the AEWR.

If the AEWR continues to rise and the piece rate remains unchanged, workers must work harder to earn more than the AEWR. However, DOL regulations say that, if the employer pays by the piece and requires employees to satisfy a minimum productivity standard, they must specify the productivity standard in their job orders that is the same as the productivity standard required in 1977 unless DOL approves an increased productivity standard.

The methodology to guide the SWAs who survey employers and workers to determine PWRs was laid out in DOL’s Handbook 385, which required SWAs to survey employers of at least 15 percent of total employment in a particular commodity, task, and area. SWAs submitted their PWR determinations to OFLC and, if they were accepted, PWRs were posted to the agricultural online wage library.

DOL revised its PWR methodology for the H-2A program in regulations effective November 14, 2022 that, inter alia, eliminated the requirement that SWAs survey workers to check on employer responses and the requirement that employers who account for at least 15 percent of the employment in an activity be interviewed. The new regulations allow state entities other than SWAs to conduct PWR surveys such as universities, and PWRs can be based on as few as five employers and 30 workers. DOL says that SWAs and state agencies conducting PWR surveys should contact a random sample of employers and determine the “average wage of US workers in the crop activity or agricultural activity and distinct work task(s)… [based on the] unit of pay used to compensate the largest number of US workers.”

DOL provides funds to SWAs to verify and post employer job orders and to inspect worker housing, but not enough to conduct a significant number of prevailing wage and practice surveys. There are few PWRs posted on OFLC’s ag online wage library. PWRs are valid for one year after they are posted.

Some worker advocates want DOL to establish PWRs for more commodities and states to prevent rising productivity standards from squeezing US workers out of the farm workforce. DOL counters that the major protection for US farm workers is the AEWR, which DOL says is the highest wage on 95 percent of H-2A applications. Furthermore, DOL said it “is not obligated to establish a prevailing wage separate from the AEWR for every occupation and agricultural activity in every state.”

PWRs are more important in the H-2B program, which allows employers to recruit guest workers to fill nonfarm seasonal jobs. Employers seeking H-2B workers file ETA Form 9141 outlining job duties, education and training requirements, and suggesting a SOC code for the job to be filled by the guest worker. OFLC reviews the employer submission, determines the SOC for the job, and makes a prevailing wage determination, usually from DOL’s OEWS database.

The OEWS database provides wage and employment data for 830 detailed occupations, with the data available for job titles at the statewide level and for 530 metro and non-metro areas within states. The OEWS contacts employers who bring workers to farms such as farm labor contractors, and in May 2021 reported that California had 186,000 Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse (SOC 45-2092), including 80 percent in the 10 areas with 80 percent of the state’s OEWS crop workers. Mean and median hourly wages in major farming areas were slightly lower than state averages in 2021, when the California minimum wage was $13.

The top 10 CA areas each had 5,000 or more OEWS crop workers and 80 percent of CA crop workers

Source: OEWS
CA Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse (SOC Code 45-2092)
  Employment Mean Wage Median wage
Bakersfield, CA(0012540) 42,880 14.45 14.21
Salinas, CA(0041500) 28,690 16.13 15.06
Fresno, CA(0023420) 19,910 14.83 14.07
Visalia-Porterville, CA(0047300) 19,080 14.78 14.01
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA(0042200) 9,990 15.55 14.81
Madera, CA(0031460) 6,710 14.53 14.00
Stockton-Lodi, CA(0044700) 5,720 15.56 14.50
Modesto, CA(0033700) 5,580 14.85 14.23
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA(0040140) 5,460 15.09 14.29
El Centro, CA(0020940) 5,050 14.68 14.15
Total /Average 186,220 15.88 14.93
Top 10 149,070 15.05 14.33
Top 10 share 80% 95% 96%

DOL Analysis. DOL’s analysis of the impacts of the new AEWR methodology reported that 10,000 unique employers (excluding FLCs) were certified to employ H-2A workers in FY20 and FY21. A sample of 2,600 of these farm employers found that 80 percent were small, with an average 11 employees and average annual revenues of $3.6 million.

DOL analyzed a sub-sample of 2,100 farm employers and found that a third were in NAICS 111998, miscellaneous (often seed production) crop farming, 15 percent were nurseries and garden centers (444220) or landscaping services (561730), and 10 percent were fruit and vegetable (retail) markets (445230) or fruit and vegetable wholesalers (424448). This means that two-thirds of the DOL sample had NAICS codes outside FVH agriculture, which encompasses NAICS 1112 vegetables and melons, 1113 fruits and nuts, and 1114 horticultural specialties from greenhouse and nursery crops to mushrooms.

References

DOL. 2022. Temporary Agricultural Employment of H-2A Nonimmigrants in the United States

DOL. 2023. Adverse Effect Wage Rate Methodology for the Temporary Employment of H-2A Nonimmigrants in Non-Range Occupations in the United States

USDA. NASS. Farm Labor.

FLS Farm Labor Regions


Subscribe via Email

Click here to subscribe to Rural Migration News via email.